Hospice & Palliative Care

End Stage Disease Progression and Complications – Oncologic Disorders (Learning Hospice)

  • Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed and is the leading cause of death from cancer in women worldwide.
  • Lung cancer is the most frequently diagnosed and the leading cause of death from cancer in men worldwide.
  • Cancer is the second most common cause of death in the United States following heart disease.

Cancer refers to a group of diseases that are characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal of mutated cells that can be caused by external and internal factors. Mutated cells have certain characteristics as follows:

  • can avoid apoptosis (cell death)
  • resist normal aging process
  • can replicate outside normal controlling mechanisms
  • produce chemicals that dissolve surrounding tissue
  • invade other parts of the body
  • overcome the immune system
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All About Nursing · Hospice & Palliative Care

Determining Prognosis: Patients with End-Stage Lung Disease (Reading & Sharing)

Disabling Dyspnea & Respiratory Distress

Defined by:

  • Dyspnea at rest or with minimal exertion
  • Dyspnea poorly responsive or unresponsive to bronchodilator therapy
  • Dyspnea results in other debilitating symptoms such as decreased functional activity, fatigue, and cough
  • FEV-1< 30% predicted post-bronchodilator, if available
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All About Nursing

Pacemaker- Cardiac Pacing (Reading & Sharing)

A cardiac pacemaker is an electronic device that delivers direct electrical stimulation to stimulate the myocardium to depolarize, initiating a mechanical contraction. The pacemaker initiates and maintains the heart rate when the heart’s natural pacemaker is unable to do so. Pacemakers can be used to correct bradycardias, tachycardias, sick sinus syndrome, and second- and third-degree heart blocks, and for prophylaxis. Pacing may be accomplished through a permanent implantable system, a temporary system with an external pulse generator and percutaneously threaded leads, or a transcutaneous external system with electrode pads placed over the chest.

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